Past simple
ያለፈ ቀላል ጊዜ (past simple)
I worked, I went። በተጠናቀቀ ያለፈ ጊዜ ለተጠናቀቁ ድርጊቶች፦ yesterday, last year, in 2019, two days ago።
ቅርጹ
መደበኛ ግሦች -ed ይጨምራሉ፦ work → worked, live → lived። ኢመደበኛ ግሦች የራሳቸው ያለፈ ቅርጽ አላቸው፦ go → went, buy → bought, see → saw (ለሙሉ ዝርዝሩ irregular-verbs ገጹን ይመልከቱ)። ጥሩ ዜና፦ ያለፈ ቀላል ለሁሉም ሰው አንድ ነው፣ I, you, she, they፦ she worked, they went። ለአሉታዊና ለጥያቄ did + መሠረታዊ ግሥ ይጠቀሙ፦ I didn't go (I didn't went አይደለም)፣ Did you see it? be ግሥ የተለየ ነው፦ was / were, wasn't / weren't, Was she…?
| Regular (work) | Irregular (go) | be | |
|---|---|---|---|
| + | I / she / they worked. | I / she / they went. | I / she was. You / we / they were. |
| − | I didn't work. | She didn't go. | I wasn't. They weren't. |
| ? | Did you work? | Did she go? | Was he…? Were you…? |
| short answers | Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. | Yes, she did. / No, she didn't. | Yes, he was. / No, we weren't. |
- የ -ed አጻጻፍ፦ ከ -e በኋላ + d (lived)፤ ተነባቢ + y → ied (studied፣ ግን played)፤ ከአንድ አጭር የተጫነ አናባቢ በኋላ ያለ መጨረሻ ተነባቢ ይደገማል (stop → stopped, plan → planned)።
- -ed ሦስት ድምፆች አሉት፦ ከ p, k, s, sh, ch በኋላ /t/ (worked)፤ ከሌሎች ድምፆች በኋላ /d/ (lived)፤ ከ t እና d በኋላ /ɪd/ (waited, needed)።
- ከ did / didn't በኋላ ሁልጊዜ መሠረታዊ ግሥ፦ Did she call? She didn't call።
- I moved to Las Vegas in 2019.
- We waited at the DMV for three hours.
- She didn't get the job, but they called her back later.
- Did you pay the electric bill? — Yes, I did.
- The store was closed, so we went home.
መቼ ይሠራበታል
በጊዜ መስመር ላይ ያለፈ ቀላል በያለፈው ጊዜ ውስጥ ያለ ነጥብ (ወይም የተዘጋ ሳጥን) ነው፤ በእሱና በአሁን መካከል ክፍተት አለ። ድርጊቱም ጊዜውም አልቋል። ይጠቀሙበት፦ ለአንድ ድርጊት (I called the landlord yesterday)፣ በታሪክ ውስጥ ለተከታታይ ድርጊቶች (I got up, had coffee and left)፣ ለያለፈ ልማድ (I walked to school every day in Addis) እና ለያለፈ ሁኔታ (We lived in Virginia for two years)። የአማርኛው "ሄድኩ"፣ "ሠራሁ" በደንብ ይስማማዋል።
- ጠቋሚ ቃላት፦ yesterday, last night / week / year, ago, in 2015, when I was young, then, after that።
- ago ከጊዜ ርዝመቱ በኋላ ይመጣል፦ three days ago (ago three days አይደለም)።
- I came to the US eight years ago.
- Last Saturday we had a coffee ceremony at my cousin's house.
- When I was a child, I helped my mother at the market.
- He finished his shift, picked up the kids and cooked dinner.
ያለፈ ቀላል ወይስ የአሁን ፍጹም?
መቼ እንደሆነ ከተናገሩ ወይም ካወቁ፣ ያ ጊዜም ካለፈ፣ ያለፈ ቀላልን ይጠቀሙ፦ I lost my phone last week። ጊዜው ካልተጠቀሰ ወይም ወቅቱ ካላለቀ፣ የአሁን ፍጹምን ይጠቀሙ፦ I've lost my phone (አሁንም የለኝም)። በ When…? የሚጀምሩ ጥያቄዎች ሁልጊዜ ያለፈ ቀላልን ይወስዳሉ። ያለፈ ቀላል = ታሪኩ ተዘግቷል፤ የአሁን ፍጹም = ታሪኩ አሁንም አሁኑን ይነካል።
| Past simple | Present perfect |
|---|---|
| I worked there in 2020. (I don't now.) | I've worked there since 2020. (I still do.) |
| Did you call the school this morning? (It's afternoon.) | Have you called the school this morning? (It's still morning.) |
| She went to Seattle last month. | She's been to Seattle three times. |
- በፍጹም፦ I have seen him yesterday። ሁልጊዜ፦ I saw him yesterday።
- Have you ever been to Lake Tahoe? — Yes, we went in 2023.
- I've finished the form. I finished it ten minutes ago.
- When did you get your green card?
የተለመዱ ስህተቶች
| ስህተት | ትክክል | ለምን |
|---|---|---|
| I didn't go to work. | After didn't, use the base verb. | |
| Did you see the email? | After did, use the base verb. | |
| I saw him yesterday. | Finished time (yesterday): past simple. | |
| She bought a new phone. | buy is irregular: bought. | |
| I came to America in 2018. | in 2018 is past: use the past form came. | |
| I moved here two years ago. | English says two years ago, not before two years (from Amharic ከሁለት ዓመት በፊት). |
ልምምድ
እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።
stop → (past) ___
study → (past) ___
We ___ to Phoenix last weekend.
She didn't ___ the bus.
___ you call the doctor yesterday? (one word)
I came to the US five years ___.
How do you say the -ed in “waited”?
The kids ___ (be) at school yesterday. (one word)
Which is correct?
buy → (past) ___
Did she pass the test? — Yes, she ___.