Conditionals (if sentences)
ሁኔታዊ ዓረፍተ ነገሮች (conditionals)
if ያላቸው ዓረፍተ ነገሮች፦ ሁልጊዜ እውነት የሆኑ ነገሮች፣ ወደፊት ሊሆኑ የሚችሉ ነገሮች፣ አሁን የምናስባቸው ሁኔታዎችና የታሰበ ያለፈ፤ ከ unless, provided, if only እና I wish ጋር።
አምስቱ ዓይነቶች በአንድ ሠንጠረዥ
አማርኛ ሁኔታን በ ካ- ወይም በ ቢ- ያሳያል፦ ከመጣ (ሊሆን የሚችል) እና ቢመጣ (የታሰበ)። እንግሊዝኛ ይህንኑ ሥራ በጊዜያት ይሠራል። ከ- ለመጀመሪያው ሁኔታዊ (if + present, will) ይቀርባል፤ ቢ- ለሁለተኛው (if + past, would) ይቀርባል። በ if ክፍል ያለው ጊዜ ከትርጉሙ አንድ ደረጃ ወደ ኋላ ነው፤ ስለዚህ በ if ክፍል will ወይም would አያስገቡ።
| Type | if part | Result part | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| zero | if + present | present | always true, facts | If you heat ice, it melts. |
| first | if + present | will + base verb | a real possibility in the future | If it rains, I'll take the bus. |
| second | if + past | would + base verb | imagined, now or future | If I had a car, I would drive to work. |
| third | if + had + past participle | would have + past participle | an imagined past | If I had left earlier, I would have caught the bus. |
| mixed | if + had + past participle | would + base verb | a past cause, a result now | If I had studied nursing, I would be a nurse now. |
- በ if ክፍል will ወይም would አይገባም፦ If it rains (If it will rain አይደለም)።
- if ክፍሉ መጀመሪያ ሲመጣ ኮማ ያስገቡ፦ If you call, I'll answer። በኋላ ሲመጣ ኮማ አያስፈልግም፦ I'll answer if you call።
- when በእርግጥ ለሚሆን ነገር ነው፤ if ሊሆን ለሚችል ነገር ነው፦ When I get home, I'll call you።
- If you don't pay the bill on time, they charge a late fee.
- If the landlord fixes the heater, we'll stay another year.
- If I spoke better English, I would apply for a manager job.
- If we had known about the sale, we would have waited.
- If I hadn't moved to Las Vegas, I wouldn't know my wife.
ሁለተኛ፣ ሦስተኛና ቅይጥ፦ የታሰቡት
ሁለተኛው ሁኔታዊ የኀላፊ ጊዜ ይጠቀማል፣ ግን ስለ አሁን ወይም ስለ ወደፊት ይናገራል፦ If I had more time (የለኝም)፣ I would take a class። በጥንቃቄ በሚጻፍ እንግሊዝኛና በምክር ለሁሉም ሰው were ይጠቀሙ፦ If I were you, I'd ask for a raise። ሦስተኛው ሁኔታዊ የተለየ ያለፈን ያስባል፤ ብዙ ጊዜ ለቁጭት ይውላል። ቅይጡ ሁኔታዊ ያለፈን ምክንያት ከአሁኑ ውጤት ጋር ያገናኛል።
| Real situation | Conditional |
|---|---|
| I don't have a car, so I take the bus. | If I had a car, I wouldn't take the bus. (second) |
| I'm not you, but here is my advice. | If I were you, I would call the bank. (second) |
| I missed the bus, so I was late. | If I hadn't missed the bus, I wouldn't have been late. (third) |
| I didn't learn to drive, so I can't drive now. | If I had learned to drive, I could drive now. (mixed) |
- would ወደ 'd ያጥራል፦ I'd go። had ም 'd ይሆናል፦ If I'd known። ቀጣዩን ቃል ይመልከቱ፦ 'd + መሠረታዊ ግሥ = would፣ 'd + past participle = had።
- could እና might በ would ቦታ ሊገቡ ይችላሉ፦ If I had a car, I could visit you more።
- If I was you በንግግር የተለመደ ነው፤ በጽሑፍ ግን If I were you የተሻለ ነው።
- If I lived closer to work, I would walk every day.
- If I were you, I would read the lease before signing.
- If she had saved the receipt, the store would have given her a refund.
- If they had bought the house in 2015, they would be rich now.
unless, provided, if only, I wish
ሌሎች ቃላትም ሁኔታ ይሠራሉ። unless ማለት if not ነው። provided (that) እና as long as ማለት only if (ብቻ ከሆነ) ነው። I wish እና if only ነገሮች ቢለያዩ እንደሚመኙ ያሳያሉ፦ ስለ አሁን ከኀላፊ ጋር፣ ስላለፈው ከ past perfect ጋር፣ ሌላ ሰው ስለሚደጋግመው ነገር ለማማረር ደግሞ ከ would ጋር።
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| unless | if not | Unless you hurry, you'll miss the bus. |
| provided (that) / as long as | only if | You can borrow my car provided you bring it back by six. |
| in case | because it might happen | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
| I wish / If only + past | I want now to be different | I wish I had a bigger apartment. |
| I wish / If only + past perfect | I regret the past | If only I had listened to my mother! |
| I wish + would | a complaint about someone else | I wish my neighbour would turn the music down. |
- unless በራሱ not አለው፦ Unless you call (Unless you don't call አይደለም)።
- ስለ አሁን ችሎታ I wish + could፦ I wish I could drive።
- ስለ ራስዎ I wish + would አይጠቀሙ፦ I wish I had more time (I wish I would have አይደለም)።
- The store won't take it back unless you have the receipt.
- You can stay with us as long as you need.
- I wish I knew more people in this city.
- If only I had applied for that job last year.
- I wish the kids would put their shoes away.
የተለመዱ ስህተቶች
| ስህተት | ትክክል | ለምን |
|---|---|---|
| If it rains, I will stay home. | No will in the if part; use the present. | |
| If I had money, I would buy a car. | Second conditional: if + past, not would. | |
| If I had known, I would have called. | Third conditional: if + had + past participle. | |
| Unless you hurry, you will be late. | unless already means if not; no second not. | |
| I wish I had a bigger apartment. | I wish about now takes the past. | |
| If I were you, I would ask the manager. | Advice uses the second conditional: If I were you, I would… |
ልምምድ
እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።
If you heat water to 100°C, it ___.
If it ___ (rain) tomorrow, we'll cancel the picnic.
If I won the lottery, I ___ a house for my parents.
If I ___ (be) you, I would call the landlord today.
If she had left earlier, she ___ the bus.
___ you hurry, you'll miss the train. (= if you don't hurry, one word)
I wish I ___ drive. Then I could get a better job.
If I had studied English as a child, I ___ better now.
If only I ___ (know) about the deadline last week! (two words)
You can borrow my car ___ you bring it back by six.
If I see Abel, I ___ tell him. (one word)