Parts of speech
የንግግር ክፍሎች (parts of speech)
እያንዳንዱ የእንግሊዝኛ ቃል በዓረፍተ ነገሩ ውስጥ ሥራ አለው፦ ይሰይማል፣ ይሠራል፣ ይገልጻል፣ ያገናኛል ወይም ያመለክታል። የቃሉን ሥራ ማወቅ የት እንደሚገባና ምን ዓይነት ቅርጽ እንደሚይዝ ይነግርዎታል።
ዘጠኙ የንግግር ክፍሎች
የእንግሊዝኛ ሰዋሰው መጻሕፍት ቃላትን በዘጠኝ ቡድን ይከፍላሉ። አማርኛም እነዚህ ቡድኖች አሉት (ስም፣ ግሥ፣ ቅጽል …)፣ ስለዚህ ሐሳቡን ቀድመው ያውቁታል። ልዩነቱ በትናንሽ ቃላት ላይ ነው፦ እንግሊዝኛ አማርኛ የሌለው መስተአምር (a, the) አለው፤ አማርኛ ቅድመ ቅጥያ ወይም ከስሙ በኋላ ቃል በሚጨምርበት ቦታ (በ-፣ ከ-፣ ውስጥ፣ ላይ) እንግሊዝኛ ለብቻው የቆመ መስተዋድድ (in, on, at) ይጠቀማል።
| Part of speech | Its job | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| noun (ስም) | names a person, place, thing or idea | mother, Las Vegas, car, money, help |
| pronoun (ተውላጠ ስም) | stands in place of a noun | I, you, she, it, them, mine |
| verb (ግሥ) | an action or a state | work, drive, be, have, know |
| adjective (ቅጽል) | describes a noun | big, cheap, Ethiopian, tired |
| adverb (ተውሳከ ግሥ) | describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb | quickly, often, very, here, tomorrow |
| preposition (መስተዋድድ) | shows place, time or direction before a noun | in, on, at, to, from, with |
| conjunction (መስተጻምር) | joins words or sentences | and, but, or, because, so |
| determiner (ወሳኝ) | comes before a noun to say which or how many | a, the, this, my, some, every |
| interjection (ቃለ አጋኖ) | a short sound of feeling | Oh! Wow! Oops! Hey! |
- እያንዳንዱ ሙሉ የእንግሊዝኛ ዓረፍተ ነገር ባለቤትና ግሥ ያስፈልገዋል፦ She works። It is cold።
- ቅጽሎች ስምን ይገልጻሉ (a quick lunch)፤ ተውሳከ ግሦች ግሥን ይገልጻሉ (eat quickly)።
- ወሳኞች ከማንኛውም ቅጽል በፊት ቀድመው ይመጣሉ፦ my old car, the big blue bus።
- My neighbour drives a white taxi.
- We usually shop at the Ethiopian market on Saturday.
- She is tired, but she works very hard.
- Wow! The rent is really high this year.
- They called me because the order was ready.
አንድ ቃል፣ ከአንድ በላይ ሥራ
በእንግሊዝኛ አንድ ቃል ፊደሉ ሳይቀየር ብዙ ጊዜ ስም ወይም ግሥ ሊሆን ይችላል። የትኛው እንደሆነ በዓረፍተ ነገሩ ውስጥ ካለው ቦታ ያውቃሉ፦ ከወሳኝ (a, the, my) በኋላ ከሆነ ስም ነው፤ ከባለቤት (I, she, they) በኋላ ከሆነ ግሥ ነው። አማርኛ ብዙ ጊዜ ቃሉን ራሱን ይቀይራል (ሥራ / ይሠራል)፣ ስለዚህ በእንግሊዝኛ ቦታውን ይመልከቱ።
| Word | As a noun | As a verb |
|---|---|---|
| work | My work starts at six. | I work at the airport. |
| call | I got a call from the school. | Please call me later. |
| rent | The rent is due on the first. | We rent a two-bedroom apartment. |
| help | Thank you for your help. | Can you help me? |
| drive | It's a long drive to Phoenix. | She drives to work. |
- ብዙ ቅጽሎች -ly ሲጨመርባቸው ተውሳከ ግሥ ይሆናሉ፦ slow → slowly, careful → carefully።
- አንዳንድ ቃላት የራሳቸው የስም ቅርጽ አላቸው፦ decide → decision, pay → payment, safe → safety።
- I need a ride to the clinic. Can you give me a ride?
- The landlord will text you. I got his text this morning.
- Her answer was quick. She answered quickly.
- We made a decision. We decided to move.
የእንግሊዝኛና የአማርኛ የቃላት ቅደም ተከተል
ትልቁ ልዩነት፦ አማርኛ ግሡን መጨረሻ ላይ ያደርጋል (እኔ ቡና እጠጣለሁ)። እንግሊዝኛ ግሡን ወዲያው ከባለቤቱ በኋላ፣ ተሳቢውን ደግሞ ከግሡ በኋላ ያደርጋል፦ I drink coffee። የእንግሊዝኛ ቅደም ተከተል ትርጉምም ይይዛል፦ The dog bit the man እና The man bit the dog የተለያዩ ናቸው፤ ምክንያቱም እንግሊዝኛ ተሳቢን የሚያመለክት እንደ አማርኛው -ን ያለ ቅጥያ የለውም።
| Amharic order | English order |
|---|---|
| እኔ ቡና እጠጣለሁ (I – coffee – drink) | I drink coffee. (subject – verb – object) |
| እሷ በላስ ቬጋስ ትኖራለች (she – in Las Vegas – lives) | She lives in Las Vegas. |
| ልጆቹ ትምህርት ቤት ሄዱ (the children – school – went) | The children went to school. |
| ቤቱ ትልቅ ነው (the house – big – is) | The house is big. |
- ግሡን ሁለተኛ፣ ከባለቤቱ በኋላ ያድርጉ፦ ባለቤት – ግሥ – ተሳቢ – ቦታ – ጊዜ።
- መስተዋድዶች ከስሙ በፊት ይገባሉ፦ in the kitchen እንጂ the kitchen in አይደለም።
- be አይተዉ፦ አማርኛው ነው/ናት መጨረሻ ላይ ነው፣ የእንግሊዝኛው is/are ግን ከባለቤቱ በኋላ ይመጣል፦ She is a nurse።
- My brother sends money to our parents every month.
- We bought injera at the store yesterday.
- The bus leaves at 7:15.
- Our apartment is small but quiet.
የተለመዱ ስህተቶች
| ስህተት | ትክክል | ለምን |
|---|---|---|
| I drink coffee every morning. | In English the verb comes after the subject, not at the end. | |
| She is very kind. | English needs the verb be; don't leave it out. | |
| He drives carefully. | Use an adverb (-ly) to describe a verb. | |
| She is a careful driver. | Use an adjective to describe a noun. | |
| I live in Las Vegas. | Prepositions come before the noun in English. | |
| The dog bit the man. | English shows who did what by word order: the doer comes first. |
ልምምድ
እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።
In “She works quickly”, “quickly” is a ___.
Which sentence has the right English order?
Write the missing verb: My sister ___ a nurse. (one word)
In “We rent a small apartment”, “rent” is a ___.
In “The rent is too high”, “rent” is a ___.
Make the adverb: slow → ___
Which word is a conjunction?
Which word is a preposition?
Put in order: to / goes / work / she / by bus → ___
Choose the correct sentence.