Sentence structure

የዓረፍተ ነገር አወቃቀር (sentence structure)

የእንግሊዝኛ ዓረፍተ ነገሮች እንዴት እንደሚገነቡ፦ ሐረጋት (clauses)፣ ቀላል፣ ውሁድና ውስብስብ ዓረፍተ ነገሮች፣ እንዲሁም ሁለቱን በጣም የተለመዱ ችግሮች፣ ያልተሟላ ዓረፍተ ነገርና የተደራረበ ዓረፍተ ነገር፣ እንዴት እንደሚስተካከሉ።

ሐረጋትና ሦስቱ የዓረፍተ ነገር ዓይነቶች

ሐረግ (clause) ባለቤትና ግሥ አለው። ነጻ ሐረግ ብቻውን መቆም ይችላል (I work at the airport)። ጥገኛ ሐረግ እንደ because, when, if, although, who ባሉ ቃላት ይጀምራል፤ ብቻውን መቆም አይችልም (because I need money)። አማርኛ ግሡን መጨረሻ ላይ ያስቀምጣል፤ “ስለ”ንም ከግሡ ጋር ያያይዛል (ገንዘብ ስለሚያስፈልገኝ)፤ እንግሊዝኛ ግን ባለቤት + ግሥ + ተሳቢ የሚለውን ቅደም ተከተል ይይዛል፤ because ደግሞ በሐረጉ መጀመሪያ ይገባል።

Type	Made of	Example
simple	one independent clause	My wife works at a hotel.
compound	two independent clauses + and / but / or / so	My wife works at a hotel, and I drive for a delivery company.
complex	independent + dependent clause	When the baby sleeps, I study English.
compound-complex	two independent + one dependent	I was tired, but I finished the form because it was due.

እያንዳንዱ የእንግሊዝኛ ዓረፍተ ነገር ባለቤትና ግሥ ያስፈልገዋል። አማርኛ ባለቤቱን መተው ይችላል (መጣ)፤ እንግሊዝኛ አይችልም፦ He came። It is raining።
FANBOYS ሁለት ነጻ ሐረጋትን በኮማ ያገናኛሉ፦ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so።
ጥገኛው ሐረግ ቀድሞ ከመጣ ከእሱ በኋላ ኮማ ያስገቡ፦ If it rains, we will stay home። ሁለተኛ ከመጣ በአብዛኛው ኮማ የለም፦ We will stay home if it rains።

The bus was late.
The bus was late, so I took a taxi.
Because the bus was late, I missed my appointment.
My son plays soccer, and my daughter takes piano lessons.
Although the rent is high, the apartment is close to work.

ያልተሟሉና የተደራረቡ ዓረፍተ ነገሮች

ያልተሟላ ዓረፍተ ነገር (fragment) እንደ ሙሉ የተጻፈ የዓረፍተ ነገር ቁራጭ ነው፦ Because I was sick። (ምን ሆነ?) ከዋና ሐረግ ጋር ያገናኙት፤ ወይም የጎደለውን ባለቤት ወይም ግሥ ይጨምሩ። የተደራረበ ዓረፍተ ነገር (run-on) ያለ ምልክት (I called you nobody answered) ወይም በኮማ ብቻ (comma splice፦ I called you, nobody answered) የተገፉ ሁለት ዓረፍተ ነገሮች ናቸው። በ -ና ወይም በ -ኦ የተያያዙ ረጅም የአማርኛ ዓረፍተ ነገሮች ሲተረጎሙ ብዙ ጊዜ run-on ይሆናሉ።

Problem	Example	Fix
fragment (no main clause)	Because I was sick.	I stayed home because I was sick.
fragment (no verb)	The man from the office.	The man from the office called.
fragment (no subject)	Went to the bank.	I went to the bank.
run-on	I called you nobody answered.	I called you. Nobody answered.
comma splice	I called you, nobody answered.	I called you, but nobody answered.
comma splice	The rent is due, I will pay today.	The rent is due; I will pay today.

run-on ን ለማስተካከል አራት መንገዶች፦ ነጥብ፤ ኮማ + and/but/so፤ ሴሚኮሎን፤ ወይም because/when/although።
However እና therefore እንደ but አያገናኙም፦ ከእነሱ በፊት ነጥብ ወይም ሴሚኮሎን ይጠቀሙ። I was tired; however, I finished።
በንግግርና በጽሑፍ መልዕክት ያልተሟሉ ዓረፍተ ነገሮች የተለመዱ ናቸው (Sounds good. See you at 5.)። በመደበኛ ጽሑፍ ግን ያስወግዷቸው።

I couldn't come to work yesterday because my son was sick.
The heater is broken. Can someone fix it this week?
We looked at the apartment, but it was too small.
The office was closed; therefore, I went back on Monday.

አንድ ሐሳብ በአንድ ዓረፍተ ነገር

ግልጽ የእንግሊዝኛ ጽሑፍ አጭርና መካከለኛ ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ይጠቀማል፤ እያንዳንዳቸው አንድ ዋና ሐሳብ ይይዛሉ። አንድ ዓረፍተ ነገር ከ25 ቃላት በላይ ወይም ሦስት and ካለው ይክፈሉት። በጣም አስፈላጊውን መረጃ መጀመሪያ ያስቀምጡ፦ በመሥሪያ ቤትና በትምህርት ቤት ያሉ አንባቢዎች ብዙ ጊዜ የመጀመሪያውን መስመር ብቻ ያነባሉ።

ረጅም የ and ሰንሰለቶችን ይክፈሉ፦ አንድ ዓረፍተ ነገር፣ አንድ ሐሳብ።
በዋናው ነጥብ ይጀምሩ፣ ከዚያ ምክንያቱ፦ I need Friday off። My daughter has a school event።
ርዝመቱን ያቀያይሩ፦ ከሁለት ረጃጅም በኋላ የሚመጣ አጭር ዓረፍተ ነገር በቀላሉ ይታወሳል።

Too long: I went to the office and they said I need a new form and I have to bring my ID and come back on Monday.
Better: I went to the office. They said I need a new form. I have to bring my ID and come back on Monday.
I am writing about my water bill. It is twice as high as usual.
My son will be absent on Friday. He has a doctor's appointment.

የተለመዱ ስህተቶች

ስህተት	ትክክል	ለምን
~~Because I was late. I missed the bus.~~	Because I was late, I missed the bus.	A because clause alone is a fragment; join it to the main clause.
~~Is very hot today.~~	It is very hot today.	English always needs a subject, even an empty it.
~~I finished work, I went home.~~	I finished work, and I went home.	A comma alone cannot join two sentences.
~~The landlord he called me.~~	The landlord called me.	Do not repeat the subject with a pronoun.
~~I was tired, however I finished.~~	I was tired; however, I finished.	however needs a semicolon or full stop before it.

ልምምድ

እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።

Which is a complete sentence?
What type is this sentence? “I called, but nobody answered.”
What type is this sentence? “When I get home, I cook dinner.”
Which fixes the run-on “I was hungry I ate a sandwich”?
Add the missing subject: “___ is raining.” (one word)
Which is a comma splice?
Join with a word that gives a reason: “I stayed home ___ I was sick.”
Which is correct?
Which is punctuated correctly?
Which joining word shows contrast? “The apartment is small, ___ it is cheap.”

በትምህርቱ ይማሩት

ከፍተኛ · ቀን 19አጭርና ግልጽ ጽሕፈት