Reported speech

የተዘዋዋሪ ንግግር (reported speech)

ሌላ ሰው ያለውን ወይም የጠየቀውን ለሌላ መናገር፦ ጊዜው ወደ ኋላ ይሄዳል፣ ተውላጠ ስሞችና የጊዜ ቃላት ይለወጣሉ፣ ጥያቄዎችም የዓረፍተ ነገር ቅደም ተከተል ይይዛሉ።

ዓረፍተ ነገሮች፦ ጊዜው ወደ ኋላ ይሄዳል

አማርኛ የተናጋሪውን ቃል ይዞ መጨረሻ ላይ "አለ" ይጨምራል፦ “እመጣለሁ” አለ። እንግሊዝኛ ግን ብዙ ጊዜ ቃላቱን ይለውጣል፦ “I'll come” → He said he would come። የሚዘግበው ግሥ ኀላፊ ሲሆን (said, told)፣ ጊዜው አንድ ደረጃ ወደ ኋላ ይሄዳል፤ I/my/here ደግሞ ለአዲሱ ተናጋሪ ይለወጣሉ። ነገሩ አሁንም እውነት ከሆነ ወይም የሚዘግበው ግሥ የአሁን ከሆነ (She says…) ጊዜውን መተው ይቻላል።

Direct speech	Reported speech
present simple: “I work nights.”	past simple: He said he worked nights.
present continuous: “I'm waiting.”	past continuous: She said she was waiting.
present perfect: “I've finished.”	past perfect: He said he had finished.
past simple: “I lost my key.”	past perfect: She said she had lost her key.
will: “I'll call.”	would: He said he would call.
can: “I can help.”	could: She said she could help.
may: “I may be late.”	might: He said he might be late.
must: “I must go.”	had to: She said she had to go.

that ማስገባት አማራጭ ነው፦ He said (that) he was tired።
would, could, should, might እና had to አይለወጡም።
አሁንም እውነት ሲሆን ጊዜው አይለወጥም፦ She said the clinic opens at eight።

My supervisor said I was doing a great job.
The landlord said he would fix the sink on Monday.
She told me she had already paid the deposit.
He said he couldn't come to the meeting.

ጥያቄዎችና ትዕዛዞች

የተዘገበ ጥያቄ ከእንግዲህ ጥያቄ አይደለም፦ የተለመደ የዓረፍተ ነገር ቅደም ተከተል አለው፣ የጥያቄ ምልክት የለውም፣ do/does/did ይጠፋሉ። የአዎ/አይ ጥያቄዎች if ወይም whether ይጠቀማሉ። ትዕዛዝና ጥያቄ tell / ask + ሰው + to + ግሥ ይጠቀማሉ፤ ለአሉታዊ not to።

Direct	Reported
“Do you have a car?”	He asked (me) if / whether I had a car.
“Where do you live?”	She asked where I lived.
“When will the bus come?”	I asked when the bus would come.
“Wait here.”	The nurse told us to wait there.
“Don't park here.”	The guard told me not to park there.
“Can you help me, please?”	She asked me to help her.

በተዘገበ ጥያቄ did የለም፦ She asked where I lived (where did I live አይደለም)።
tell እና ask ሰው ይፈልጋሉ፦ told us to, asked me to።
አሉታዊ ትዕዛዝ፦ not to + ግሥ (don't አይደለም)።

The interviewer asked me how long I had worked in hotels.
My son asked if he could go to his friend's house.
The doctor told me to drink more water.
The teacher asked the parents not to send snacks with nuts.

የጊዜና የቦታ ቃላት፣ እና የመዘገቢያ ግሦች

በኋላ ወይም በሌላ ቦታ ሲዘግቡ፣ እንደ today, tomorrow እና here ያሉ ቃላትም ይለወጣሉ። ዋናዎቹ የመዘገቢያ ግሦች say እና tell ናቸው፦ say something (to someone)፣ tell someone something። ሌሎች ግሦች ተጨማሪ መረጃ ይሰጣሉ፤ የራሳቸውም አወቃቀር አላቸው።

Direct	Reported later	Reporting verb	Pattern
now	then	promise	promised to call
today	that day	offer	offered to help
tomorrow	the next day / the following day	refuse	refused to pay
yesterday	the day before / the previous day	remind	reminded me to bring my ID
next week	the following week	warn	warned us not to go
last week	the week before	suggest	suggested taking the bus
ago	before	apologise	apologised for being late
here / this	there / that	explain	explained that the office was closed

say + (to someone) + that፦ He said (to me) that… tell + ሰው + that፦ He told me that…
suggest -ing ወይም that ይወስዳል፦ She suggested calling / that we call (suggested to call አይደለም)።

He said he would come back the next day.
She told me she had seen him the day before.
My friend reminded me to renew my license.
The manager apologised for the long wait.
They offered to drive us to the airport.

የተለመዱ ስህተቶች

ስህተት	ትክክል	ለምን
~~He said me that he was tired.~~	He told me that he was tired.	tell + person; say has no person after it (or say to me).
~~She asked where did I live.~~	She asked where I lived.	Reported questions use statement order, with no did.
~~He asked me do I have a car.~~	He asked me if I had a car.	Yes/no questions are reported with if or whether.
~~The manager told to wait.~~	The manager told us to wait.	tell needs a person: told us to…
~~She said she will call tomorrow.~~	She said she would call the next day.	will → would, and tomorrow → the next day, when you report it later.
~~He told me don't be late.~~	He told me not to be late.	Negative commands: not to + verb.

ልምምድ

እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።

“I'm tired.” → She said she ___ tired. (one word)
He ___ me that the store was closed.
“Where do you work?” → She asked me where ___.
“Do you have a car?” → He asked ___ I had a car. (one word)
“Wait here.” → The nurse told us ___ there.
“Don't park here.” → The guard told me ___ park there. (two words)
A week later: “I'll call you tomorrow.” → He said he would call me ___.
“I can help.” → She said she ___ help. (one word)
“I've finished the report.” → He said he ___ the report.
“I'm sorry I was late.” → She apologised ___ late.